Forces due to moving charge modified 20120326
On the left, currents traveling in the same direction in parallel wires attract each other.
- The green magnetic field created by the parallel red electron currents attract each other as shown by the little blue rectangle magnets.
- The relative velocity of the electrons may be zero if they travel at the same velocity in the same direction in separate parallel wires.
- The magnetic fields are created by the velocity of the electrons relative to a usually unspecified background which Mach called the background stars. They are not relative to the velocity of the electrons in the other wire.
On the right, the electron and proton in orbit in an atom are also parallel currents which attract each other.
- The red electron current and the blue proton current are traveling in opposite directions on opposite sides of the barycenter
but the proton current can be considered to be an electron current moving in the opposite direction as far as its magnetic field is concerned.
- The electron and proton currents produce magnetic fields which attract each other across the barycenter.
- The Coulomb forces which are 59 thousand times stronger than the magnetic forces.
- The Coulomb forces are the central force which holds the electron and proton in orbit. They are caused by the opposite charges between the electron and proton across the barycenter. See the Bohr Atom as a binary system.
- The above magnetic fields are only due to the electron and proton charge moving in orbit with each other.
- The electron and proton also have an inherent magnetic moment independant of the forces due to moving charge.
- The inherent magnetic moment may have their north pole spin up or spin down. This aids or opposes the magnetic field created by the movement of charge. The currents and magnetic fields calculated from the magnetic moment are gigantic. We are forced to consider a magnetic moment without a magnetic field or without a current which creates a magnetic field.
Electron and proton toroidal ring currents in the Bohr atom
amps = i = current = charge *frequency, these are ring currents.
amps = i = charge *velocity/circumference = q *v/(2*pi*r) or q*v/i = 2*pi*r
where me is the mass of the electron and mp is the mass of the proton
and cd = rE+rP is the center distance sum between the electron rE and rP the proton
where k = mp/(me+mp) and cd = rc/(alpha2*k) where rc is the classical radius of the electron
and vE and vP are the electron and proton velocity in orbit.
me*vE = mp*vP
me*rE = mp*rP
vE = c*alpha*k and rE = cd*k = rc/alpha2
vE/rE = vP/rP = c*alpha3*k/rc.
iE = q*vE/(2*pi*rE) = ce *c*alpha3*k/(2*pi*rc) = 1.05360735557E-3_a
vP = vE*me/mp and rP = rE *me/mp = rc/alpha2 *me/mp
vP/rP = vE*me/(mp) *mp/(rE*me) = vE/rE
iP = q*vP/(2*pi*rP) = q*vE/(2*pi*rE)= 1.05360735556E-3_a so iE = iP.
Electron and proton poloidal magnetic fields
u0*i/b = 2*pi*r
bE = u0*iE/(2*pi*rE) = ce*vE/(4*pi*e0*pi*c2*rE2) = 3.98205511152_kg/(a*s2), almost four Tesla.
bP = bE *mp/me = u0*iP/(2*pi*rP) = 7311.66113078_kg/(a*s2), but bP is mp/me or 1836.1526 times bigger than bE.
Electron and proton equal and opposite attractive or repulsive magnetic forces
force = charge*velocity*magnetic field = q*v*b where also q*v*b = u0*i2
fE = ce*vE*bE = ce2*vE2/(4*pi*e0*pi*c2*rE2) = ce2/(4*pi*e0*rE2) *vE2/(pi*c2) =
Coulomb force *vE2/(pi*c2) = me*c2*rc *vE2/(pi*c2*rE2) = me*rc *vE2/(pi*rE2) =
me*rc/pi *vE2/rE2 = me*rc/pi *c2*alpha6 *k2/rc2 =
me*c2 *alpha6 *mp2/(pi*rc*(me+mp)2) = 1.39497829995E-12_kg*m/s2
fE*.5*rE = 3.069095694694E-23_kg*m2/s2 = 0.00023037131_eV = electron kinetic energy
fP = ce*vP*bP = ce* vE*me/mp* bE*mp/me = ce*vE*bE = 1.39497829992E-12_kg*m/s2.
fP*.5*rP = 2.010157981E-26_kg*m2/s2 = 0.0000001254641_eV = proton kinetic energy
The electron plus the proton kinetic energy is 0.00023049678_eV
3 2 656.2852_nm = 1.88918239631_eV, n=3, base=2, hydrogen alpha, electron spin up?
3 2 656.2720_nm = 1.8892203946_eV, n=3, base=2, hydrogen alpha, electron spin down? The measured difference in the wavelength 0.0132_nm or 0.000038_eV between these first two rows is attributed
to the spin of the proton being spin up and the spin of the electron being either spin up or spin down.
These are forces that work in parallel with the Coulomb forces between the electron and proton. Since the centrifugal and Coulomb forces are,
ce2/(4*pi*e0*rE2) = Coulomb force = 8.22974928053E-8_kg*m/s2, while the forces due to Bohr orbiting charge are,
ce2/(4*pi*e0*rE2) *vE2/(pi*c2) =
Coulomb force *vE2/(pi*c2) = 1.39497829995E-12_kg*m/s2, which is 58995.536 times smaller so the,
Total force = Coulomb force *(1 +/- vE2/(pi*c2)) = 1 + .000016195043 or 1 - .000016195043 times the centrifugal or Coulomb forces depending on the direction of the spin of the proton and electron. These seem to be near the correct magnitude.
We need to calculate these forces to determine the spectral lines around the 3 to 2 hydrogen alpha Bohr transitions where the electron spin up and spin down are said to cause the observed differences in wavelength. These forces are caused by the movement of charge in the magnetic field created by the movement of the charge, q*v*B = the charge *the velocity of the charge *the magnetic field of the charge created by the movement of the charge = u0 *current2. These forces are with respect to some usually unspecified background, as is inertia or the pointing of a gyroscope or the figure of the Earth as it rotates not in 24 hours with respect to the sun but in 23 hours 56 minutes 4.091 seconds with respect to the background stars, the sidereal rate of rotation.
The ring electron and ring proton have very large circulating ring currents, magnetic fields and forces which are defined by their spin and magnetic moment. These forces are so large that we must look for a mechanism that allows a magnetic moment without a magnetic field.
Physicist are fond of saying that spin or angular momentum and magnetic moment have no classical analogy - like we just calculated. We can push the limits of classical behavior.
Atomic frequencies
frequency = amps/charge = iE/ce = 6.57609704E15_1/s. This is the frequency of atomic hydrogen that must pervade reality. If Ray Kurzweil and Moore's law are right then this frequency should be accessible in thirteen years if a terahertz is accessible now. What will beams of this frequency do to atoms? Will it disrupt atoms? There may be other uses for this frequency. See electrostatic or electrodynamic gravity.